- Alters the physiological state, including consciousnesses, activity level and coordination
- Alters incoming sensory sensations
- Alters mood or emotions
*****
Analgesics, stimulants, depressants, mind-altering drugs targets the nervous system and the brain, and the perception of stimuli.
Antacids target metabolic processes
Antibacterials and antivirals aim to supplement the body's ability to fight disease causing organisms
*****
D.1.2 Outline the stages involved in the research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products.
Discovery research (3 years)
Discovery research (3 years)
- identify lead compounds
- synthesis of analogies
- biological testing
Development research (6 years)
Phase 1: 50-100 healthy volunteers (~1 1/2 years)
Phase 2: 200-400 patients (~ 2 years)
Phase 3: 3000+ patients, half are given placebo other half is give the drug; neither doctor/patient knows which is given (~3 years)
Application for marketing - 9th year (during phase 3)
Regulatory review (2 years, after application for marketing)
Launch of product - 11th year
Post-marketing monitoring (1 year)
- synthesis of analogies
- biological testing
Development research (6 years)
Phase 1: 50-100 healthy volunteers (~1 1/2 years)
Phase 2: 200-400 patients (~ 2 years)
Phase 3: 3000+ patients, half are given placebo other half is give the drug; neither doctor/patient knows which is given (~3 years)
Application for marketing - 9th year (during phase 3)
Regulatory review (2 years, after application for marketing)
Launch of product - 11th year
Post-marketing monitoring (1 year)
D.1.3 Describe the different methods of administering drugs.
Oral - taken by mouth
e.g. tablets, capsules, pills, liquids
Inhalation - vapour breathed in; smoking
e.g, medication for respiratory conditions like asthma; drugs of abuse like nicotine, cocaine
Skin patches - absorbed directly from the skin into the blood
e.g. hormone treatments like estrogen and nicotine patches
Suppositories - inserted into the rectum
e.g. treatment of digestive illnesses, hemorrhoids
Eye/ear drops - liquids delivered directly to the opening
e.g. treatments of infections of the eye or ear
Parental (by injection)
- intramuscular e.g. many vaccines
- intravenous (fastest method of injection) e.g. local anesthetics
- subcutaneous e.g. dental injections
Oral - taken by mouth
e.g. tablets, capsules, pills, liquids
Inhalation - vapour breathed in; smoking
e.g, medication for respiratory conditions like asthma; drugs of abuse like nicotine, cocaine
Skin patches - absorbed directly from the skin into the blood
e.g. hormone treatments like estrogen and nicotine patches
Suppositories - inserted into the rectum
e.g. treatment of digestive illnesses, hemorrhoids
Eye/ear drops - liquids delivered directly to the opening
e.g. treatments of infections of the eye or ear
Parental (by injection)
- intramuscular e.g. many vaccines
- intravenous (fastest method of injection) e.g. local anesthetics
- subcutaneous e.g. dental injections
D.1.4. Discuss the terms therapeutic window, tolerance and side-effects.
Therapeutic window - range of a drug's concentration in the blood between its therapeutic level and its toxic level
Tolerance - when repeated doses of a drug results in smaller physiological effects
Side effects - unintended physiological effects
Therapeutic effect - the intended physiological effect
Therapeutic window - range of a drug's concentration in the blood between its therapeutic level and its toxic level
Tolerance - when repeated doses of a drug results in smaller physiological effects
Side effects - unintended physiological effects
Therapeutic effect - the intended physiological effect
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